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1. Introduction
Globalization and growing economic interdependence have optimistic and promoted transnational crime outside borders in all parts of the globe. Enhanced communications and information technologies, increased blurring of nation borders, greater mobility of people, goods and services across countries and the crisis of the globalized economy have moved crime advance gone from its domestic base. The natural world of globalized crime in the present-day world then cannot be understood unconnectedly from idea of globalization.
Todays organized crime involves activity in more than one country and therefore, to tackle it successfully, police need to seek cooperation partners across borders to share intelligence, coordinate operations, secure evidence, and track down suspects by using transnational policing. Therefore, organized crime and transnational policing are one side of two coins which means there is always exist transnational policing where organized crime has existed. A similar argument has been made about the changing character of terrorism: it has become more transnational in scope, involves complex global conspiracies and therefore, the answer lies in transnational police cooperation.
Because transnational networks have become more extensive, intensive and faster flowing, global forces are having a greater local impact. Globalization researchers have noted the emergence of an integrated world economy, leaps forward in transport and telecommunications technologies and numerous other dimensions of global interconnectedness. These have led to the globalization of insecurity in its broadest sense prompting many other changes relevant to understanding contemporary policing. Driven by technological innovation, political change and economic policy choices, product, capital, and labor markets are integrating and world trade is increasing
1. The purpose of Articles Review
The main purpose of the this Article Review is to understand the rationale for the study, Resolve definitional ambiguities and outline the scope of the topic, to provide an integrated, synthesized overview of the current state of knowledge, Identify inconsistencies in prior results, and Evaluate existing methodological approaches, to Describe existing gaps, to describe future research directions, to assess and evaluate the given articles across organized crimes based on the transnational and international level of organized crime policing which reacts to resolve or minimize the severity, cause and challenges of organized crime.
2. General Description of articles
CLIVEHARFIELD(2008) the organization of organized crime policing and its international context, 2008.
The article, the organization of organized crime policing and its international context the policing coordination in the international context by CLIV seeks to address how policing organized nationwide conspiracy; ethnic grouping, socio-political elites and state-organized crime; professional or white collar crime; ongoing illicit business enterprises; global experience; a core threat to democracy; and increasingly, as having a terrorism nexus for a more careful review of the crime for profit terrorism connections).
Perspective: the spectrum of difference and similarity in capacity, capability, circumstances and conceptualization of international law enforcement cooperation and mutual legal assistance.
Method: the author followed the qualitative method which is an ethnographic approach toward greater insight into organized crime policing.
Stan Gilmour & Robert France (2011) local policing and transnational organized crime, the international review of law, computers &technology.
The article, Local Policing and transnational policing to analyze different policing approaches associated with the level of criminality by Stan Gilmour & Robert France seeks to address how approaches of policing that is national intelligence model, intelligence-led policing and transnational organized crime in the case of local policing and transnational organized crime. The team tasked with tackling crime at an inter-force, national and international level had always made use of intelligence information policing at a local level had more often relied on a reactive approach to its work waiting for an incident to occur and then responding to it.
However, if police commanders were to address the issues of efficiency they needed some mechanism to understand the demand on their resources and to allow effective decisions to be made to deploy resources in line with their forces priorities and objectives.
Perspective: all aspects of policing in terms of economically, politically, technologically and socially interconnected.
Methods: the author followed the qualitative method of transnational policing practices and sketches out an agenda for descriptive, explanatory, and normative research.
Ben Bowling (2009) transnational policing, the globalization thesis, topology and a research agenda.
The article, transnational policing to explores all aspects of policing as time pass as the world is becoming more economically, politically, technologically and socially interconnected by Ben stated that seeks to address the corporation of the police and other security sector agencies themselves to facilitate access and becoming good policing in the age of globalization..
Perspective: the spectrum of difference and similarity in capacity, capability, circumstances and conceptualization of international law enforcement cooperation and mutual legal assistance.
Method: the author followed qualitative method that is an ethnographic approach towards greater insight into organized crime policing.
Alice Hills (2009) the possibility of transnational policing, policing and society.
The article, the possibility of transnational policing to assess the possibility of developing transnational policing in the light of US peacekeeping operations accordingly, Aice Perceptions of occupational commonality are nowadays reinforced by the widely shared conviction that police forces must co-operate if they are to respond effectively to the crime and insecurity facilitated by globalization. Various forms of bilateral, multilateral, and international cooperation are encouraged by intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) such as the EU and Interpol, as is the notion of shared professional standards. Donors such as the UKs Department for International Development (DFID), which sponsors police reform projects as a means of implementing liberal values, further strengthen the desire for commonality. The operational requirements of multinational peacekeeping deployments play a part, too, as the composition of UN police (UNPOL) missions emphasizes: in August 2007, the top contributing countries included Bangladesh, Benin, Cameroon, China, France, Ghana, India, Jordan, Malaysia, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Senegal, Ukraine, and the USA, none of which provided any form of standardized pre-deployment training.
Perspective: reinforced by the wide commonality conviction that police forces must cooperate if they are respond effectively to the crime and in security to facilitated by globalization.
Method: the author followed a qualitative method a real sense of the value of a common police craft.
3. Summary
Accordingly, Edwards and Gill, stated that collaborative and coordinated exertion is essential in translating different and differing national capacities and capabilities into a successful multilateral system against organized crime and so appropriately organizing organized crime policing in its international circumstance. The question arises, given the ambiguity of definition, the variation in perception and premise, and the innate complication of multi-layered, multi-actor teamwork, to what extent successful or even well-organized organization of organized crime policing is achievable at all.
Organized crime policing outlines requirements for policing organized crime, instruments enabling cooperation and collaboration, investigator collaborative structures, agencies with appropriate powers, knowledge management and information sharing the article focus about those issues.
Accordingly, Nadelmann, stated that global policing showed that international police organizations, cooperative mechanisms, regional police conferences and multi-lateral law enforcement arrangements intended to help law enforcement agencies reduce, and transcend frictions generated by conflicting sovereignties, political tensions, and differences among law enforcement systems. In the transnational policing article the author used descriptive, explanatory, and normative methods are employed.
Accordingly, Compare Larsson, stated that even Nigeria’s uneven record, a degree of occupational commonality exists within the artificial environment of UN operations, just as it exists outside, too; organizations such as UNPOL could not otherwise function. The accommodation and networking that undoubtedly exists between officers is not synonymous with a transnational ethic.
Accordingly Fayemi, the approach of transnational policing is not mainly intended as a way for ensuring effective policing. Neither are they concerned with creating police capable of dealing with organized crime, trafficking or armed robbery. Enhancing accountability and responsiveness may, of course, ensure and therefore do not need to rely on force, but transnational policing, like reform projects more generally, ignores the nature and purpose of police institutions in the south and downplays the underlying cause of insecurity.
4. Critiques Of The Articles
4.1. The Strength Of Articles
- The title of these articles is clearly put.
- The article was prepared by famous and well-experienced researchers and published by a well-known organization.
- The articles celery put what was happened and what is going on in the selected world.
- The articles examined the economically, political, technologically and socially interconnected holistically.
- The authors clearly stated the approaches of policing in transnational organized crime.
4.2. The Weakness Of Articles
- The possibility of transnational policing articles cannot tell us the real meaning of effective policing
- the articles are not clearly stated what approaches they used
- the possibility of transnational policing experiences not taking many countries rather use small countries due to this reason it is not applicable
- the possibility of transnational policing it is not applicable universally due to clashing cultural values
- transnational policing peacekeeping is difficult to apply in heterogeneous societies rather than in homogenous
- The research cannot tell us about the social impact of capital flight they only tell us about economical, institutional, and political aspects
- there is no systematic hard evidence of peacekeeping operations
- the local policing and transnational organized crime use limited policing approaches rather than using other policing approaches like community-oriented policing, problem oriented, predictive policing, etc
- the organization of organized crime policing and its international context only consider international not consider regional context
- The articles do not have specific objectives
- The local policing and Transnational organized crime national intelligence model policing was researched only in England and Wales but not include other countries’ experiences
5. Conclusion and recommendation
In these articles, I have tried to show that globalization and the growth of transnational organized crime and criminal networks is a cause for great concern in society. While advancements in communication technologies have changed the communication landscape, they have also created opportunities for organized criminals to use the available technology for their own illegal gains. Organized crime can no longer be considered in relation to strict geographic boundaries it now extends globally across a spectrum of activities including money laundering, drug trafficking, sex/human trafficking, people smuggling, arms trafficking, endangered species trafficking, cybercrime and, most notably over the last decade, terrorism, crime networks also make use of new and available technologies to advance their own illicit goals, and their structures pose great difficulties to those attempting to infiltrate and disrupt them. However, while the increased availability of communication technologies and their usage presents opportunities for criminals and corrupt networks, it also presents opportunities for the law enforcement agencies tasked with fighting crimes.
The other issue that come into the recommendation is the cooperation and collaboration of different members of the countries in policing transnational organized crime. A special focus needs to be put in place to encourage not only the members of the countries to engage in policing transnational organized crime in activities but also include not member countries. In connection to this, organized crime in all countries of the world needs to give recognition and reward to police officers and members of the country who perform well and use them as locally accessible case studies for further training of police officers.
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