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Nowadays our word is sadly suffering from immerse increase in the amount of wastes, which has happened due to the rapid growth in the population. From here we proposed the idea of Smart Garbage Management System. This proposed system will monitor the amount of waste in dumpsters, detect bad smell and to segregate dry from wet waste. To achieve this aim different sensors will be used which are: moisture, ultrasonic and odor (MQ136) sensors. These sensors will work together in order to collect the needed data, and these data will be sent to the cloud to be monitored and analyzed. Based on the analysis an installed actuator, which are motors and LED, will be controlled accordingly. So based on the processed data, the system will detect the type of waste and separate them. Also it will detect the level of waste, light up a LED when full and notify to empty the garbage. Lastly, the system will detect the bad smell and send notification to collect the garbage. At the end, this project is very effective in managing waste, it can help in recycling, avoid health problems by keeping the city clean and afford a much better way to collect waste.
Waste management is an important issue that needs to be taken into consideration. With the rapid increase in population the amount of waste increased massively which endangered the health of both human and environment. In [1], the World Bank announced that our global waste production will increase by 70% by 2050 unless we take urgent action. Surprisingly nowadays humans are producing two billion tons of waste yearly which is really high amount, knowing that the world population is only 7.6 billion. The figure below shows the waste generation in the world that is announced by Solid Waste Management in:
Consequently, monitoring and separating the waste are required now in order to protect the future. In normal cases, wastes are collected by trucks that circulate continuously without taking into consideration that the bins maybe not filled. This unnecessary roaming leads to extra traffic that pollutes the environment and lead to extra consumption of fuels which is not economical for the waste companies. These rules due to the lack of data and real-time information. Also, despite the use of separate bins by putting dry waste in blue bins and wet waste in green bins, some people do not respect these rules in lack of awareness and education. For this reason, we need an automatic system that separates the waste into two categories wet and dry, and it will help in increasing the cleanliness in society.
Waste management is a problem that has been solved by many researchers. Most of the proposed solutions focus on the detection of the level of wastes in bins in order to empty them. Some researchers have also worked on the separation of waste and the detection of the level at the same time.
In, they proposed a waste level management system. The garbage cans are continuously monitored using ultrasonic sensor and their status is displayed and updated on a website. When the trash is filled, it stays on standby for a fixed period during which the trash must be cleaned by the municipality. If this timer expires and the trash is not cleaned at a given time, the unit will send a message to the higher authority, stating that the trash has not been cleaned in time, re-set the timer for the same duration and stay on hold. When the trash is cleaned the appliance will exit the standby state. The problem here is that the message is not sent immediately to the municipality, while the goal is to empty the trash as soon as possible. So, the efficiency in this case is low.
In, the collection of waste is treated. They used a weight sensor and IR sensor to detect the weight and level of bin. When a high level is detected, the microcontroller sends a message to the control room via Zigbee which in turn will send an SMS to the driver of the nearby vehicle via GSM Module to collect the waste. IR sensors have many limitations such as not being able to use them in the sun due to interference. In addition, Zigbee has a lot of limitations like it cannot be used for long distances, it has low data speed and it is not secure. In, they worked on the detection of the level of waste and the separation of the waste into two categories: wet and dry. For the separation they used a humidity detection plate. The dry waste has a resistance value higher than the threshold value, therefore according to the result of the comparison made by the microcontroller the servomotor will turn the plate towards the corresponding bin. For the detection of the level, they used the IR sensor such that the detected value is collected by the microcontroller and subsequently an SMS is sent to the municipality via this microcontroller. The problem here is that all analyzes and control are done by the microcontroller itself as this is not recommended. In addition, the use of the IR sensor for level detection is not efficient because it has a lot of limitations.
To complete these two tasks, we will use: sensors, actuators, microcontroller and cloud solution allowing the implementation of the MAPE loop. The microcontroller is used to collect data from sensors and publish it to the cloud. In the cloud, based on the collected data, an analysis is made in order to control the actuators. Also, an application will be used to monitor.
For waste separation, a moisture sensor will be used so that due to the humidity of the waste, wet waste can be distinguished from dry waste. Then, based on this detection the motor will turn to the corresponding trash to open the door and allow the waste to slip. For verification if the trash is full or not, the ultrasonic sensor launches the sound waves, and depending on the received waves, the program will decide whether the trash is full or not. If the trash is full several actions will be done: lighting up a red LED and notifying the authority to empty the trash. In addition, trash must not be left for several days uncollected even if the bins are not filled because it leads to emission of bad smell. From here the need of using odor sensor (MQ136) to detect bad smell and notify.
The following table shows the comparison between
the existing solutions and our proposed system.
In order to implement MAPE loop, our system architecture, shown in figure 2, is based on the following:
Photon is used as microcontroller which contains only the touchpoint program. Published data is sent and stored in ThingSpeak database via Webhook . Using ThingSpeak , we monitor dry level, wet level and the smell of waste in real time. Also, in ThingSpeak we use React application to evaluate and analyze our ThingSpeak channel data and trigger other events. In our project, we use ThingHTTP to trigger Webhooks at IFTTT web service. The IFTTT Webhooks service is used to create web requests to trigger an action. The incoming action is an HTTP request to the web server, and the outgoing action is notification in the IFTTT application on our device or execution for an action by actuators.
The Smart bin contains two separations: one for the wet waste and other for the dry waste. Just above the gates there is a moisture sensor, when the garbage is thrown on the top, between wet and dry gate, moisture senor will measure the amount of humidity in the garbage. If the measured value is high, then the corresponding function published from photon to Particle cloud will be called by IFTTT. This function sends to the servo motor that is placed on the wet side and fitted at the hinge of the gate, to rotate by a certain degree downwards and open the gate, to allow the garbage to slip in. While if the measured value is low, then the servo motor of dry side and similarly allows the garbage to slip in.
If the percentage obtained is greater than a certainn threshold, IFTTT will call a certain function to light up a red LED and send notification to the authority. The sent notification will include: the date and time, the type of waste that should be emptied and the percentage of the waste in the bin. In order to detect the bad smell from the waste, MQ136 sensor will be used. So if the measured value is high, a notification will be sent through IFTTT to the authority in order to empty the garbage.
Regarding the separation of the waste, when the value detected by moisture sensor is high then the servo motor of wet side will rotate by 60 degrees allowing the waste to slip into the wet bin. While when the detected value is low, the servo motor of dry side will rotate to the other direct by 60 degrees to let the waste slip into the dry bin.
For monitoring, figure 3 and 4 show respectively the percentage of dry waste and wet waste in real time.
Figure 5 shows that when the percentage is greaternthan 75%, a notification is sent to collect the waste, as shown in figures 5. Not only a notification is sent toncollect the waste. In addition, to the notification, the red LED, corresponding to the type of waste that should be emptied, will light up indicating that this type of waste is almost full. Also, the smell of the waste will be monitored in real time. As we can see in figure 5, a notification is sent to collect the waste from the bin when a bad smell is detected.
Our proposed system allows to monitor the garbage in real time which makes our solution more advantageous than others. Also, it notifies the authority immediately when the waste should be collected. It does not require a lot of hardware and software components and it is easy to implement.
On the other hand, the proposed prototype has some limitations: first limitation is the Photon worked well but it would not be practical in real life. To eliminate the need for a plug-in power source, a Wi-Fi sensor that is battery operated would need to replace the Photon. Second issue is that the sensors used in our prototype do not give precise values. Last but not least is the IFTTT web service which suffers from limitations in declaring complex conditions or actions needed.
To conclude, our project proposes an autonomic system which can help in bin level monitoring and waste separation. Moreover, this system may save a big amount of money that is used for processing the garbage after collecting waste. Also, it is more economic for the waste companies by avoiding the unnecessary roaming. In addition, it solves the problem of garbage found on road side due to overflowed dustbins and it avoids the spread of bad smell in the city. Simply it keeps our environment clean, green and free from bad smell of wastes. In the future, we can enhance our system byseparating the waste into more detailed categories: organic, plastic, metallic, glass and paper.
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