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Labor Market Segmentation
The exertions marketplace is one of the most essential sectors of our market financial system. It has a very direct effect on our lives due to the fact, at some level or any other in lifestyles, nearly anybody will participate in it. thus, governments have to examine key labor market signs that influence one of the economic systems foremost troubles, the level of unemployment, which in turn is motivated via the participation rate.
A simple definition of the labor marketplace is given via Derek Bosworth, Peter Dawkins and Thorsten Stromback (1996) who nation that the hard work marketplace is the location wherein deliver and demand meet, working to determine the charge and amount of the paintings achieved. Michel Didier (1997) defines the marketplace as a means of communication via which dealers and customers will tell every different about what they’ve, what they want and the charges that they ask or endorse, before closing the transaction. This definition has high-quality applicability at the labor marketplace. The hard work market is the marketplace wherein the range of services that correspond to duties properly hooked up within the activity description, are offered for a charge or remuneration (Boeri, Van Ours, 2013), that is, to exist on the hard work promote it is necessary for the paintings to be rewarded. The labor market reflects the main trends in employment dynamics.
In the West’s economic capabilities, only one of the labor market-production resources is marketed. Here are four main conceptual approaches to analyzing the performance of the modern labor market. The first is the postulates of the classical political economy. Supporters of this concept believe that the labor market operates on a price basis. Investing in education and qualifications (human capital) is similar to an investment in machinery and equipment. According to the price equilibrium model, the individual has at that time invested in ‘professional investments’, which reduces the rate of income. The cost of the workforce responds quickly to market demands, and decreases or increases depending on the demand.
Unlike neo-classics, key people and monetarists view the labor market as a permanent and fundamental equilibrium. Based on the Keynesians model, the value of the workforce (the right) is determined and does not change (it does not decrease). This concept should be included in the regulatory framework, even if the price is not the market regulator. This regulator is a state. The state may disrupt the balance provided by reducing the amount of demand. Hence, according to this model, the demand for labor force is regulated not by the market price fall, but by the total demand, ie, the amount of production.
To regulate the market, monetarists are proposing to use monetary policy instruments. Most of the conceptual concepts are based on the inadequacy of the labor market with other market resources. They believe that the qualifications of the workers are achieved before they arrive at the labor market, which is not always the case since in most cases the worker gets acquired after graduation. This means that it is difficult to assess its potential in the market.
In addition to demographic factors, one of the most important factors of market dynamics is the economic activity of the able-bodied population of different demographics and ethnic groups. The fact that the inclusion of women into the most labor force, linked to the activation of the social role of women, has led to an increase in the supply of labor.
One of the most significant factors affecting the dynamics of the labor force is immigration and emigration. The most serious impact on the labor force demand also reflects scientific and technical progress. The nearest workers were not considered as commodities. Surely, in real life, thousands of people have worked and worked as hired workers.
The primary sector consists of two floors:
- The paddle – these jobs are for professionals. For example, a lawyer, teacher, doctor, corporation director, etc.
- The downstairs is for the ‘blue skies’. These floors are traditionally occupied by women (‘jackals’). Although these jobs have a larger status than the third-class workplace, their value has been dropped, and labor costs are not fully met. Second-degree jobs usually do not require special training. There are unskilled workers working in these areas. There are mainly women working in the burrow.
The Third Thousand Tendency is the most important employment for many women, especially for IDPs. Salary is very low and labor conditions do not meet accepted standards. Professional does not allow progress in development and service ladder. However, in a relatively developed country, there is a new type of labor market segmentation:
- Marketplace with fast-growing scientific-production and lower-middle-class concentration.
- The market of ancient, traditional sectors of the economy that is important in the recent past.
The international division of labor
The modern economy depends on the ability of people and firms to deal with one another in a broader trading network. Western countries have experienced rapid economic growth, with the increase in specialization helped workers increase productivity in certain areas and change their products to the products they need.
One of the laws of the economy is that it is necessary to organize a division of labor, rather than forcing everyone to see the job. The division of labor allows the tall men to work as a basketball player, a good economist and accountant for those who know the account and work with sellers.
The term ‘international division of labor’ on the one hand traditionally means the natural division of production duties between nations and nations, and specialization of commodity n species in certain countries. On the other hand, production tasks are planned inside and distributed among firms. Specialization within the field is widespread.
Intensive development of cooperation between firms of various countries – the initiator of the creation of which led to the emergence of a large international manufacturing and investment complex with transnational corporations (TMK). On this basis, the openness of national economists is also high. The open economy is formed on the basis of the country’s joining the world economic relations.
‘International specialization’ and ‘production cooperation’, which are the basic concepts for production cooperation, are interconnected.
The result of production cooperation is international economic integration, which, in turn, is a deeply fixed relationship between the national economies of the two countries and the process of political and economic unity on the basis of division of labor, the operation of production structures at various fiber levels and forms. In microeconomics, this process involves the use of separate economic entities (enterprises, firms). The formation of the system of contracts, and the coordination of capital through the creation of branches abroad. At the interstate level, the integration takes place on the basis of the formation of economic associations and the coordination of national policies.
The rapid development of inter-agency relations – the need for intergovernmental regulation aimed at ensuring the free movement of goods, services, capital and labor within the economic, scientific-technical, financial and foreign, social, foreign and defense policies. The simplest form of economic union is the creation of a free trade zone: within the framework of which trade restrictions, first of all, customs duties, are canceled between the participating States.
The relatively complex form of economic union is a common market. The general market provides its participants with free trade and unified foreign tariffs, as well as the free movement of capital and labor and the coordination of economic policies. But the most complex form of intergovernmental economic union is economic (and financial) union. This type of union incorporates all of the above forms and requires the implementation of a common economic and monetary-financial policy.
It is also important to note the work done at home, which is another type of employment and particularly involves women. Although this labor is paid at minimum prices, it also allows children to look at and see their homework.
Labor supply and demand for work
The need for work that determines the level of employment depends on many factors, including:
- Changes in the structure of the economy, the organization of labor at the firm or industry;
- New technological discoveries and other management methods of the workforce;
- International competitiveness;
- Firms, industry strategies, as well as revenue criteria and market prices;
- In comparison with the labor norm, labor productivity;
- The level of security of social and labor rights;
- The flexibility of labor relations (eg, how easy it is to dismiss or recruit employees based on subcontractor time);
- Education, professional knowledge and skills required for the company’s production;
- Trade unions’ activity;
- Government actions;
- Monetary policy.
In the last century, the wars of wages, labor wars and the creation of alliances between labor and capital were noticeable; Today, in many countries, women are struggling for their well-being and the right to work for men equally. According to the law of demand, if the supply of labor resources decreases or if the supply increases, wages will increase as well. The demand for the production factor reflects the final productivity of this factor and is defined as additional revenue from the use of the additional unit of this factor. According to the declining coefficient law, each additional unit of labor increases the product at least. There are two main ways to increase the productivity and the wages of the worker. First, if the employees are provided with good quality and quantitative welfare, the end product will increase. Secondly, if the workers are more educated or experienced, their end product will be increased. In developed countries salaries are so high that these countries can accumulate sufficient capital resources over the years, generate a large number of automotive and railway lines, telecommunications, a large number of factories and equipment for a worker, and inventory of additional parts. After the Second World War, the average capital per capita has increased more than twice. In addition, technical improvements, radio, television, computers, etc. capital reserves were more efficient. At the same time, specialization of labor resources has also improved. Differences between countries are high in the payment of employment rights. For example, in developing countries such as the United States, Japan, and England, developing countries, Mexico, India and other countries, salaries are substantially higher. This difference is driven by demand and dependency on the economy and depends on the fields of the economy. For example, salaries in agriculture and trade are considerably lower than in the manufacturing and communications industry. An experienced worker-woman can get low wages from a novice worker.
Many apparent differences in employment depend on the unequal quality of the workplace. Different tasks vary in degree of attractiveness, so salaries can be increased so that it is possible to attract the worker to a less attractive area (for example, the garbage collector’s job is more than the office clerk’s work).
The analysis of non-competitive groups helps to understand the causes of discrimination in the labor market. Discrimination occurs as a tradition, a law, a misconception, and then shows that workers are divided into non-competitive groups for sex, race or ethnicity.
Differences in labor are a universal feature of the market economy. In the last century, discrimination was characterized by the removal of high-paid niches from the colored population and women. The result was that they were forced to work in rough jobs that did not require specialization, and became representatives of non-competitive groups.
The largest group suffering from economic discrimination is women. A full-time working woman can get only 80% of the average wage of a person who has the same time, education and social status.
The principle of comparative behavior is used by trade unions, particularly the organizations that make up the majority of women, who translate this principle into an instrument for negotiation. Sometimes judges have decided that comparative values are the most appropriate way to eliminate the permanent differences between men’s and women’s salaries. Probably, comparative costing training will remain a major problem in the labor market for many years.
Offer. The country’s internal workforce is aged over 16, employed to earn a living, or seeking a job that is actively seeking employment. The job offer or the amount of workforce is determined by the variety of factors, including:
- Gender capacity: this is normal; Factors from homework, homestay; division of labor, child feeding and her care, women’s home away from home is restricted to their work.
- Lifestyle – Criteria for choosing a job: the desire to work or the need to work?
- Age limit: Getting to work at home ban on the legislation; the seriousness of their observance. Retirement age. Do I have age discrimination?
- Conditions of participation in the labor market changes.
- Immigration.
The proposal is the number of hours a person is willing to work in factories, farms, commercial, state, and non-profit organizations in order to earn income. The analysis of labor tulip is based on three elements: working hours, participation norm (or share of the workforce in total population) and immigration.
In the labor force developed countries, statistics are the most commonly used (including military men) and unemployed. The synonym for this concept is the category of ‘economically active population’. In the statistics, there is a definition of civilian labor, with the exception of military servants.
Employees hired in relatively developed countries in the market economy account for an average of 90% of the total labor force. Employees who are considered to be ‘workers of the labor force’ constitute the majority of workers, representing the majority, as a rule, a small group of entrepreneurs and independent professions (lawyers, journalists, writers, etc.)
Participation rate (share of the workforce in total population). One of the most promising achievements of women in recent years is the dramatic adverse impact on women’s labor market. The share of women over 15 years of age who are employed or looking for a job has increased from 40 to 60 percent in contrast to the mid-1960s. In part, the reason for this is the substantial increase in real wages, which is more attractive for women. But it is not possible to justify the change in these indicators. In order to understand this dramatic change in the structure of the labor, society needs to look at the changed attitude of a woman as a mother, a housewife, and a worker.
Immigration. As the labor force, immigrants play a role. For example, every year more than 1 million immigrants move to the United States, of which 200 thousand are included in the country becomes. Immigrants constitute an increasing part of the labor force ‘by creating’ 39% of the population.
The choice of employment for immigrants is a classic example of non-competitive groups. New immigrants from different countries tend to work in narrow-angle activities before they go into the open job market.
Immigrants are expanding their ability to choose their place of employment as they earn a great deal of service and earn a living, as well as languishing, and they become part of a common job offer.
Women-migrants are more vulnerable to finding a job and earning an income they belong. Most of them have the opportunity to find a way to any source of income are forced to abstain and are forced to go to the primitive farming industry or in the informal sector of the economy. Unlawful woman
The immigrant’s work is payable to a minimum of life, and therefore its economic security is very important.
Unemployment, unemployment rate
Unemployment is a socioeconomic phenomenon, partly because some of the workforces do not deal with commodities and services. Together with unemployed people, the country’s labor force. In real economic life, unemployment is a labor supply that is more than labor force demand.
The structure of the unemployment is divided into four main categories of labor: the ones who lost their jobs at the dismissal; volunteer workers; those who come to the labor market after a break; those who come to the labor market for the first time. The proportion of these categories depends primarily on the stage of the economic cycle.
Unemployment rate (%) = Number of unemployed / Total labor force × 100% / 1
In Western economies, such a rational point is that unemployment, in essence, reflects the economic well-being of the use of resources, as we must ensure that the sustainable and rational use of fixed capital requires the full acquisition of production facilities. It illustrates the structural disproportion in the business market, which is the natural limit of the business, and reflects the disparity between the physical, demographic, coordinated and non-specific structural requirements and supply.
The rate of economic unemployment is an economic and social problem. That’s why it’s an economic problem that’s causing a lot of resources. It is social – because it brings countless sufferings to unemployed people who are trying to defraud themselves. In periods of high unemployment, economic failures have a strong impact on the emotional spheres of people and their family life.
In the conditions of economic recession, full employment before the state was abolished; the recession was the most serious of the women’s employment. Unemployment is one of the most pressing problems, with 55% of the unemployed being approached. Unemployment covers especially youth and women with relatively high education and academic degrees.
Conclusion
The exertions market operates through confronting the supply and call for of labor and it works in each us of a, on a nearby and global scale. Any pastime that is initiated or exists in society creates the want for labor. The exertions marketplace operates on the equal mechanism because the marketplace of any goods or services. Being the primary factor of the marketplace its elements, systems and standards are similar to the ones of the alternative components, the herbal assets market, and capital market. despite the fact that there is no opinion extensively frequent with admire to the use of one of the phrases exertions market or group of workers marketplace, it is necessary to distinguish among paintings and individual and between what arises from the paintings method (items and offerings) and the individual who possesses the talents and understanding they provide to supply the ones goods and offerings. From the evaluation performed, we concluded that the labor market has a high degree of pressure and inflexibility, the segmentation of this marketplace takes location each at a widespread level, the segmentation is executed on the main sectors of the economy and to a lesser quantity from the point of view of the supply of and call for of labor, there may be a actual want to alter this marketplace, being both a contractual and participatory market, with a multidimensional individual due to its geographic, economic, educational and social scales. The conventional, neoclassical, Keynesian, monetarist, unbalanced exertions marketplace and the income performance models brought on the formation and functioning of the hard work marketplace.
References
- S.Ibadov-Economy ,Baku, Baku State University (2012)
- Bosworth, D. Dawkins, P. Stromback, T. – The Economics of the Labour Market, Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman Ltd., 1996.
- Marshall, Alfred – Principles of Economics, Ed. Prometheus Books, New York, 1997.
- BECKER, G.S., 1971, The Economics of Discrimination, Chicago, University Chicago Press.
- Shmalenzi «Ekonomika» Moskva 1999.
- DOUGLAS, P., 1934, The Theory of Wages, New York
- Botero, J., Djankov, S., La Porta, and Shleifer, A. (2004). The regulation of labor. The Quaterly Journal of Economics 119
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