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Social work practice approaches are highly influenced by theory. The theory is something that helps us explain and predict human behavior. In social work practice, social systems theories shape many courses and programs. Social systems theory helps us understand that a person is a product of their social environment at multiple levels of that environment.
Early in their studies, students of social work learn about the centrality of social systems theories in social work practice, including assessment and treatment. In addition, social work is unique, compared to other behavioral sciences, in its emphasis on social systems theories and the person in environment perspective.
Social systems theories emerged from general systems theory which rose to prominence within the psychological and natural sciences in the early twentieth century. Available systems theory considered the whole of whatever was being examined as more than the sum of its parts. General systems theory looks at how factors affect the whole system or organism. Scientists in fields as diverse as physics and psychology began using systems theories to understand the world around them. There was great interest in the stability of systems and input, output, and feedback loops in systems.
By the mid-twentieth century, social scientists, psychologists, and social workers widely used general systems theory and systems thinking to develop specific ideas for understanding and addressing individual and social problems. Social systems theories rebuttal to the prevailing belief of psychodynamics and other theories that individual dysfunction and psychological issues originate mainly within the individual. Social systems theories held that individuals could not be viewed as islands. Instead, they are parts of groups, organizations, societies, and families. Furthermore, individual problems shape and influence many levels of an indivduals ecology.
Social systems theories help social workers understand many social problems, including family problems, child abuse, community dysfunction, and issues affecting individuals such as anxiety, low self-esteem, and relationship problems. Specific social work practice theories based on systems theory have emerged to help social workers understand and address individual and social issues. For example, family systems theory, developed by Bowen (1946), views the family as a complex system with its parts and feedback loops. Bowen developed eight interlocking concepts of family systems that practitioners could use to enhance family functioning.
The life model of social work practice is influenced by social systems thinking. The original model emphasized an approach with individuals, groups, families, and neighborhoods. But, it was revised to emphasize policy practice and policy advocacy. The ecological theory also influenced the life model of social work practice by emphasizing the exchanges between people and their environments .
The life model requires the practitioner to examine a persons environment and adapt to and cope with limitations and toxicity in ones environment. Additionally, the life model may look at people in organizational environments or communities. The life model requires clinicians to examine critical events in an individual that may have impacted his development and attitudes, such as major life transitions, periods of increased environmental stress, or changes in relationships. Groups and organizations may support or hinder a person during these critical transition periods. These include family at the micro-level and schools at the mezzo level. The model also looks at how critical historical events and societal changes influence generational cohorts.
The socio-ecological development model is another specific social work practice theory based on social systems thinking. This model looks at how multiple social systems and levels of the social environments impact individuals experiences and behavior. For example, the micro-level is the location of intimate and family relationships, the meso-level is the location of institutions and organizations, and the macro-level is the location of society-wide factors such as culture or laws, all of which shape who we are and how we develop.
The socio-ecological model can understand the challenges individuals face at multiple levels of their social ecosystem and develop therapeutic interventions and programs that address these problems. For example, consider the issue of child abuse and neglect. For instance, risk and protective factors will significantly influence child outcomes at each level of the social ecosystem. Therefore, understanding the risk and protective factors at each level of a familys ecosystem is critical to treating the child and working with the family.
The social-ecological development model can also be used to understand why parents abuse or neglect their children. Socio-ecological theories of why child maltreatment is perpetrated acknowledge the complexity of the social problem in a way that cognitive behavior theories may not. For example, a social worker might provide individual and family counseling or parenting classes to address a parents neglectful behaviors. He might also advocate for increasing government spending on afterschool programs, daycare, or mental health clinics as a preventive measure.
Social systems theories can also be used to understand and address violence. The United States Centers for Disease Control has officially endorsed a socio-ecological violence prevention model. The four levels of the CDC model are individual, relationship, community, societal. The CDC supports the design of both communities, interpersonal and family violence prevention programs. According to the CDC, in o der to prevent violence, it is necessary to act across multiple levels of the model simultaneously. This approach is more likely to sustain prevention efforts over time than any single intervention .
Multisystemic Therapy is another treatment approach informed by social systems theory that has been used to address child and youth mental health problems, juvenile delinquency, and substance abuse. MST requires therapists to treat the whole family system and treat the child at multiple levels of his and his family system in the home and other community locations.
Finally, work with underserved and marginalized communities may also be informed by the life model of social work practice which, as noted above, looks at, among other things, the effects of community problems and governmental policies on individuals and communities. For example, using the life course model, a social worker might lobby the government to enact social policies and programs that help underserved communities, mobilize organizations and stakeholders in addressing community-wide problems, and garner resources needed by the community.
Social systems practice approaches are at the heart of social work. It helps social workers look beyond the individual to understand factors at multiple levels of clienclientsal systems that may be contributing to their struggles. Social systems approaches empower practitioners to address challenges at various levels of clienclientsal environments. Policy advocacy and community work are essential facets of social practices informed by social systems thinking.
A drawback of social systems theory as used in social work is that a psychological approach is sometimes needed for treatment; for example, an individual with severe mental illness may primarily need individualized psychotherapeutic counseling and perhaps medication.
Furthermore, interventions and programs informed by social systems theories are not always easy to evaluate. There are many moving parts to a systems treatment approach, and it may be challenging to identify which components of treatment are working. Furthermore, social workers are supposed to consider an indivindividualso and the macro environment when using social systems approaches. Still, some social workers may lack the cultural competency to understand a client and cultural background.
Taken altogether, social systems theories and approaches are central to social work. There is enough evidence that many programs and interventions using systems theory approaches effectively address various presenting problems and challenges in the lives of our clients. Therefore, social work students should be well versed in social systems ideas and practice approaches.
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