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Gender discrimination takes place as a result of sexism, According to (Merriam -Webster), sexism is discrimination based on sex especially in the form against women.it is the unfair treatment of people based on their sex or gender.it is based on the idea that women are inferior to men and functions to oppress women in the society. (Integrity Ethics Module 9 Key Issues: Forms of Gender Discrimination, 2020). Sexism is manifested in countries and cultures around the world through the socialization of gender norms or allocation of gender roles. For example, for countries in Africa, gender roles have depicted women as nurturing, emotional, and physically weak hence women have been relegated to the domestic sphere. Men on the other side gender roles have depicted men as more fit for public life, leadership positions, and activities in business, politics, and academia. (Integrity Ethics Module 9 Key Issues: Forms of Gender Discrimination, 2020). As a result people who were socialized from an early age to believe that women and men have different and proper gender roles in the society may grow to perpetuate the existence of these damaging restrictive roles in society.
Gender inequality in organization is seen to be as a result of the organizational structures, processes and practices. According to Stamarski and Son Hing (2015) gender inequality is enacted within human resources (HR) practices. The HR policies, decision making and their enactment affect the hiring, training, pay, and promotion of women. HR practices are critically important because they determine the access employees have to valued reward and outcomes within an organization and can also influence their treatment within an organization. HR personnel employ HR policy to determine how decisions will be done to a particular situation and individual. The enactment of HR involves the personal interactions between organizational decision makers and job candidates or employees (Stamarski and Son Hing, 2015).
Institutional discrimination in Human resource department takes place where polices are inherently biased against a group of people, regardless of their job related knowledge, skills, abilities and performance. This discrimination against women occurs from the recruitment and selection of an individual into an organization. For example, if women are underrepresented in a particular job type, their previous job experiences are required in order to be considered for selection .Women are being systematically discriminated against (Stamaraski and Son Hing, 2015). The total female formal labor force participation in India is only 29 percent (World Bank 2010) Contrary to expectations, there has been a 23 percent decline in the female labor force participation in India in the last 25 years. As a result, women have not been able to contribute to or benefit from the opportunities provided by Indias economic growth (Sharma, 2016).
In 2016, a study was carried out in the united states by the US Equal employment opportunity commission (EEOC) which released a comprehensive study of workplace harassment .the study showed that 25% to 85% of women have reported to have experienced sexual harassment in the workplace.it was also reported that one-third out of 90000 people reported about sexual harassment in 2015. In Europe, majority of workers subjected to Sexual harassment are women. In general, approximately 30 – 50% of women have experienced some form of sexual harassment. The highest incidence rates were found in the national surveys carried out in Austria (80%), Germany (72%), and Luxembourg (80%).Asian women are equally exposed to sexual harassment at workplace. In Japan, a study found that out of 2254 women respondents, two third were sexually harassed, 45 % had been subjected to hostile working environment. In Bangladesh, large scale of womens entry into paid labor force has increased incidences of sexual harassment. In Nepal 53.8% of women employees reported that they have faced the problem of sexual harassment in their workplaces.
According to Siuta & Bergman(2019) they argue that the Results of a meta-analytic study of the workplace sexual harassment literature reveal that approximately 58% of women have experienced sexual harassment In the United States, the prevalence of workplace experiences of sexual harassment is 41% for women and 32% for men .they further state that Similar rates have been found in Europe and Australia with 33% of women in Australia and 4555% of women in Europe experiencing harassment at least once in their lives.
According to Hegewisch & Phil (2020) the economy had started to add jobs again in May, but strong gender differences remain. The U.S. Bureau of Labors June Employment Situation Release shows a 2.5million increase in nonfarm payroll employment; of these fewer than half, 45.6percentor1.1million jobs, went to women. The overall number of workers on payroll is still 19.6 million below its pre-COVID lock-down level in February 2020. Job losses have disproportionately impacted women. (Hegewisch & Phil, 2020)
According to (Women Gain Disproportionately Fewer Jobs in May, and Face Disproportionately Higher Job Losses since February, 2020) In February, women were 50.2 percent of workers on payroll, but they are 55.9 percent of those who lost jobs since February (Hegewisch & Phil, 2020). Job growth in May had been strongest in the Leisure and Hospitality sector for both women and men, with the sector adding a total of 1.2million workers to payroll.) Men also saw strong job growth in Construction, as well as in Retail Trades and Durable Goods Manufacturing. Yet, not all sectors added jobs. Almost 600,000 jobs were lost in the government sector; womens job losses of 361,000accounts for 61.8percent of these losses, somewhat above womens before COVID-19 share of employment in the sector (Hegewisch & Phil, 2020).
Women are still paid less compared to the male colleagues ( Schieder & Gould, 2016).In the last decade research has shown that more women have been able to seek education hence attained high levels of education as a result the number of women in the labor force has increased. Despite this, women still earn less salary even when their qualifications match the male employees, this therefore increases the gender pay gap (Schieder & Gould, 2016).
According to Hirsch (2018) in 2018 the gender wage gap for people working in full time job according to a statistic by an Institute for Women Policy Research (IWPR) reported that women earned 82 cents for every dollar men earned. The report further stated that women made only 50% of what men earned. On average women earned less in every single occupation. In middle skill occupations which was mainly dominated by women, they earned only 66% of what the other gender earned.
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