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Structure and function of the muscular system
Muscle types
In our body, there are multiple different types of muscles and they can be put into groups these groups Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal. Smooth muscles are the building blocks of hollow organs such as the intestine. The heart, the sole domain of cardiac muscles, is the exception here. Unlike the other types of muscles, smooth muscles typically exist at a cellular level. That means that everyone’s body has just about countless amounts of smooth muscles. Similar to the cardiac muscles of the heart, smooth muscles are also under involuntary control. The cardiac muscle is the muscle that makes up the wall of the heart. This essential muscle group is what enables the heart to contract. It’s also the easiest muscle group to remember when the test rolls around because all human bodies contain only one cardiac muscle: the heart itself. Skeletal muscle very much relies on the skeleton itself to perform the body’s most basic movements. Without the 206 bones of the human skeleton pulling against contracting skeletal muscle fibers, you simply wouldn’t be able to walk, run, stand, or even sit down.
Major muscles in the body
The biceps are a large muscle situated on the front of the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow. The muscle’s primary function is to flex the elbow and rotate the forearm. The main functions of the biceps are the flexion and supination (outward rotation) of the forearm. This is facilitated, in part, by the 90-degree rotation of the muscle as it connects to the radius. The triceps is a major muscle of the upper arm in the human body. The triceps run along the humerus (the main bone of the upper arm) between the shoulder and the elbow. Along with the biceps, it enables extension and retraction of the forearm. When the triceps are contracted, the forearm extends and the elbow straightens; if the triceps are relaxed and the biceps flexed, the forearm retracts and the elbow bends. The deltoid muscle is the main muscle of the shoulder. It consists of three muscle heads: the anterior deltoid, lateral deltoid, and posterior deltoid. All assist with arm elevation during a process called glenohumeral elevation and play a large role in the movement and overall stability of the shoulder joint and upper arm.
The pectoralis major is a fan-shaped muscle in the front of your chest wall. The muscle has two heads: the clavicular head and the sternocostal head. The clavicular head originates from the front of your collar bone (medial clavicle), then continues down your upper arm bone (humerus) where it attaches at the intertubercular sulcus. The pectoralis major is superficial, making it easy to see and feel (palpate). If you place one hand on the front of your shoulder and slide it in toward your breast bone, your pecs reside under the layer of fatty tissue or breast tissue of your chest. The rectus abdominis muscle is located in the front of the body, beginning at the pubic bone and ending at the sternum. It is located inside the abdominal region. You can use this muscle when doing sit-ups or crunches and you can see these if a person has a six-pack on their stomach. The strengthening of the rectus abdominus muscle can boost performance in a sport that requires jumping. The quadriceps femoris muscle, commonly known as the quad muscle, is the strongest muscle in the human body. It is located in the anterior compartment of the thigh, together with the sartorius. The quadriceps femoris muscle translates to four-headed muscle from Latin. It bears this name because it consists of four individual muscles; rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius. Out of all four muscles, only the rectus femoris crosses both the hip and knee joints.
The hamstrings are a group of muscles that cross the hip and knee joints and are responsible for walking, running, jumping, and many other physical activities. The hamstrings flex the knee joint and extend the thigh backward to propel movement. Located at the backs of the legs; the hamstrings are the opposing muscles to the quadriceps. Because the hamstrings originate at the sitting bones, they are naturally stretched while sitting. The hamstring can get injured quickly because they are a critical muscle in most sports so a hamstring injury can be frequent across a number of sports. The calf is composed of two muscles, the soleus and the gastrocnemius, which is a large muscle located in the back of your lower leg. The gastrocnemius muscle is an important mover of your lower leg and is responsible for normal walking and running actions. The gastrocnemius joins the soleus to form the Achilles tendon, the large tendon that attaches to your heel bone. You have two gastrocs, one in each lower leg. The soleus muscle is a wide flat leg muscle found on the posterior leg. It runs from just below the knee to the heel and lies immediately deep into the gastrocnemius. These two muscles, along with the plantaris muscle, belong to the group of superficial posterior compartment calf muscles. Soleus contraction results in strong plantar flexion. The tibialis anterior muscle is the large muscle that runs down the outside of the shin. It connects to the foot via a tendon that passes across the front of the ankle and attaches to the inside of the foot. The tendon can be felt at the front of the ankle, especially when the tibialis anterior muscle contracts. The erector spinae muscles make up the middle layer of the deep (inner) back muscles. They extend to both sides of the spine between the base of the skull and the pelvis. The erector spinae muscles are divided into three groups, from medial to lateral.
The teres minor muscle is the thick, oval muscle of the upper arm. Despite their similar names, the teres minor muscle has different behaviors and innervation than the teres minor muscle. It is primarily involved in the medial rotation of the arm and also contributes to static posture and arms sway. Reduce the lateral margin and angle of the scapula. The trapezius muscle is a wide, flat-surfaced muscle that extends from the neck to the chest behind the neck and torso. The muscle is divided into three parts: descending (upper), upper (lower), and medium. Muscles contribute to the rhythm of the scapula through attachment to the clavicle and scapula and contribute to head balance through muscle control of the cervical spine. The latissimus dorsi is a large triangular back muscle that helps with chin-ups, swimming, and even breathing. Helps stabilize your back and straighten your shoulders. The latissimus dorsi is often referred to as the ‘latissimus dorsi’ or abbreviated as the latissimus dorsi. The latissimus dorsi is superficial. That is, it is clearly visible (when the skin is removed). In other words, you don’t need to cut the muscle layer to find the latissimus dorsi. When used in combination with the abdominal muscles, the diagonal muscles are the muscles that run on both sides of the center, from the sides of the abdominal muscles to the latissimus dorsi. The slope is beneficial for several reasons. For compound exercises, you need to lean abruptly to maintain balance. For example, when squatting, you need to be sharp so that you don’t lean forward too much and lose shape. In the absence of steep slopes, complex movements can be injured due to imbalances and a lack of strong posture. The gluteus maximus is the largest gluteus maximus in the buttocks. It not only moves the thighs but also gives shape to the buttocks themselves. The other two muscles, most commonly called the gluteal muscles, are the gluteal and gluteal muscles. The gluteus muscles run under the gluteus muscles, and the gluteus minimus is in front of (or below) the gluteus minimus. Together, the gluteal muscles help support your lower back.
The function of the muscular system
The muscular system has 3 main functions apart from holding all of our muscles within our body and the 3 functions are Movement, Heat production, and muscle contraction. Movement is important because the muscular system supports your body when you want to move. This is because if you do not have any muscles, you will not be able to move. When muscles contract, heat is generated. About 70% of the heat in our body is generated by the energy present in muscle tissue. Blood is a fundamental part of thermoregulation during exercise. It absorbs heat from the core of our body and the muscles we work in and transfers heat to our skin when our body overheats. Muscle contraction is defined as a change in muscle length during contraction. Muscles contract in different ways, producing different movements. Isotonic contraction-The muscle creates tension and controls the rate of muscle contraction. This movement can be a concentric or eccentric muscle contraction.
Sliding Filament Theory
Sliding filament theory is a proposed mechanism of contraction of striated muscle, more specifically actin and myosin filaments, resulting in shorter muscle fiber lengths. Actin (thin) filaments in combination with myosin (thick filaments) carry out cell movements. Myosin is a protein that converts ATP (chemical energy) into mechanical energy to produce thrust and movement. This movement produces muscle contraction and movement of non-muscle cells such as mitosis and meiosis (cell division). Actin polymerization and actin-myosin interaction are also involved in cell movement on the surface. Actin filaments have a myosin binding site that becomes visible when troponin molecules bind to calcium ions in the filament, facilitating actin-myosin cross-linking. This process utilizes ATP, which acts as an energy source. ATP is hydrolyzed at the head of the myosin molecule, changing the shape of the head and binding to actin filaments.
How muscles work
An agonist’s muscle is the muscle that gets stretched or ‘strewn’ during execution and acts as the main engine in any action. It is an absolutely vital part of any type of action and works together with the antagonist’s muscles to produce contractions and stretching. In any pair, the agonist muscle contracts, while the antagonist’s muscle relaxes, allowing free movement of our joints and muscles. Let’s use an everyday example of an agonist and an antagonist pair to fully understand the definition of an antagonist and its counterpart biceps and triceps. Together with the agonist. The antagonist’s muscle acts as a pair that work in tandem to allow the joints and limbs to perform more complex movements. These muscles move in the opposite direction of the agonist’s muscles and compensate for the force exerted by these muscles so we don’t injure our fragile joints. The important information to note is that a muscle can only move in one direction. The antagonists of this pair stretch or lengthen, while the agonist’s contract, thereby creating the motion we’re looking for.
The fixator is the muscle, The muscle immobilizes the attachments of the agonist, antagonist, and synergist. What is an example of a fixed muscle? In the human body, we have many examples of muscle immobilization. Fixed muscles are the muscles that stabilize the origin of the agonist and the joint that the origin covers (replacing the suppressed motors) to help the agonist work more efficiently with less effort. For biceps flexion, it will be the muscles of the rotator cuff, the ‘guardian of the shoulder joint’. Most of the fixative muscles work around the hip and shoulder joints.
Isometric muscle contractions do not involve any movement. An isometric contraction occurs when your muscles push against a fixed resistance and no joint or body movement occurs. Even though there is no movement, your muscles are still working and contracting. If you are going to include isometric contractions in your workout, don’t push too hard. Isometric contractions can significantly increase blood pressure, so don’t hold your breath when doing these exercises, and give yourself plenty of breaks. Talk to your doctor if you feel lightheaded or experience any chest pain during an exercise.
Concentric contraction is a type of muscle trigger that causes muscle tension when the muscle shortens. When your muscle shortens, it generates enough force to move an object. This is the most common type of muscle contraction. In weight training, the biceps curl is a very recognizable concentric movement. When you lift a dumbbell toward your shoulders, you may notice that your biceps muscle swells and swells as it shortens. This type of movement is one of the main ways to strengthen your muscles and encourage hypertrophy, i.e. increasing your muscle size.
Eccentric muscle contraction occurs when the total length of the muscle increases as tension is created. For example, the lowering phase of the biceps curl forms an eccentric contraction. Muscles can exert more force in eccentric conditions than in concentric or isometric contraction. Eccentric muscle is when the muscle extends.
Isokinetic exercises are a type of strength training. It uses specialized machines that produce a constant speed no matter how hard you work. These machines control the speed of an exercise by varying the resistance in your range of motion. Your speed remains the same regardless of the force you apply. You can adjust your target workout speed and range of motion to your needs. Different attachments on the machine can isolate and target specific muscle groups. You can use isokinetic exercises to test and improve muscle strength and endurance. Isokinetic exercise refers to movement at a constant speed regardless of the force applied. The muscle contracts and shortens at a constant rate during isokinetic contraction. Isokinetic exercises allow muscles to gain consistent strength throughout the range of motion.
Fibre Types
Type 1 fibers are also known as slow-twitch fibers. They are red due to the presence of a large amount of myoglobin and oxygen and a large number of mitochondria. For this reason, they are resistant to fatigue and are capable of producing repetitive low-level contractions by generating large amounts of ATP during a cycle of aerobic metabolism. They are also used for endurance runs like 10,000m so they can contract multiple times with minimal force applied and they have high concentrations of myoglobin and mitochondria. Having a high concentration of myoglobin in type 1 muscle fibers is very good because there will be more oxygen inside and it will be transported to the mitochondria and which will make the muscles work harder and longer due to the oxygen and energy associated with it. customary. assigned to large muscle groups to be used. The reason why type 1 muscle fibers are good when there is a high concentration of mitochondria is that they are responsible for energy production and are an important part of aerobic energy production. They also have a large capillary network and that would be great because blood, oxygen, and nutrients can be transported much faster and waste can be removed much faster, which would be suitable for Endurance activities will be performed.
Type 2a fibers are a mixture of type 1 and type 2 fibers. These fibers contain a large number of mitochondria and myoglobin. They generate and destroy ATP at a rapid rate using both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, thereby producing fast and strong muscle contractions. Although they are more prone to fatigue than type 1 fibers. They are used for aerobic energy systems. They are usually used for medium-distance type activities like 400m and they also have pretty good fatigue resistance. They are moderately potent and have moderate concentrations of myoglobin and mitochondria. Having an average concentration of myoglobin and mitochondria in this muscle fiber would be suitable for the 400m because the artist won’t be running as long as the marathon runner, so he will need less myoglobin and mitochondria because the muscle is built use will not need much. oxygen and energy because the events will last as long as the type 1 muscle fibers are active and the muscles will not need as much oxygen and energy to deal with the race as the race will be fairly short in duration. time 23 minutes. Type 2a muscle fibers also have a large capillary network so that they can transport the necessary energy and oxygen at the right time so that the performer does not get fatigued, which makes type 2a muscle fibers quite resistant to fatigue.
Type 2b is white due to low myoglobin levels and also contains few mitochondria. They produce ATP at a slow rate through anaerobic metabolism and break it down very quickly. This leads to a short burst of strength that is quick and tiring. Type 2b muscle fibers are white and also contract rapidly, but they are used for anaerobic energy systems. They are used for speed and strength-based activities like the 100m. They tire easily and exert a lot of effort, and they have low levels of myoglobin and mitochondria because they are anaerobic living muscle fibers. They also have few capillaries because the type 2b muscle fibers are used for anaerobic activities and the muscles will not require large amounts of oxygen and energy since the run will only last about 10 seconds and most movements will not be as large as they should be. Encourage not breathing during this time. the period of time in the race because it’s so fast and it allows them to use that quick power and energy to their advantage and the muscles get tired much more easily because they don’t get as much oxygen and nutrients transported to the active muscle used during the run.
Type 1 fibers are associated with a high level of endurance, as opposed to type 2b fibers which are the opposite, this is because they have low endurance and are suited to strength and power, type 2a fibers are the compromise of endurance and power. This means that people with type 1 fibers are best suited to events such as long-distance running, power walking, and long-distance swimming and cycling. Also, people with type 2a fibers are best suited for medium-distance running, medium short-distance swimming, hockey, basketball, and football. Also, people with type 2b fibers are best suited to sprinting, boxing, rugby, American football, judo, shot-put, javelin, weight lifting, discus, long jump, and high jump.
Reference list
- https:www.healthline.comhealthisokinetic
- https:www.sciencedirect.comtopicsmedicine-and-dentistryeccentric-muscle-contraction
- https:www.stayfitwithanand.com201910fixator-muscle.html
- https:www.healthline.comhealthfunctions-of-the-muscular-system#digestion
- https:www.verywellhealth.comgluteus-maximus-anatomy-4690997
- https:www.verywellhealth.comgastrocnemius-muscle-anatomy-4684083
- https:www.healthline.comhealthquadriceps#function
- https:www.modernheal.commuscle-types
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